Navigating Tomorrow: Trends, Innovations, and Challenges in Robotic Surgery

Jack Ng Kok Wah

Jack Ng Kok Wah^*

Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

^*Corresponding author: Jack Ng Kok Wah, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

Citation: Wah JNK (2025) Navigating Tomorrow: Trends, Innovations, and Challenges in Robotic Surgery. Glob J Surg Surgical Res 1(1): 10-20.

Received Date: 04 April 2025; Accepted Date: 19 April 2025; Published Date: 22 April 2025

Abstract

Robotic surgery has revolutionized modern healthcare by enhancing precision, reducing recovery time, and improving patient outcomes. Despite these advancements, challenges such as high costs, complex training requirements, and ethical concerns persist. The review critically examines the latest trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery, synthesizing insights from contemporary sources. While Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) integration have significantly improved surgical decision-making, automation, and real-time analytics, concerns about surgeon reliance on technology and patient safety remain unresolved. Current research highlights advancements in telesurgery, simulation-based training, and robotic-assisted microsurgery, yet disparities in accessibility and regulatory challenges hinder widespread adoption. A key gap in the literature is the lack of comparative studies evaluating long-term patient outcomes between robotic and conventional surgeries. The study consolidates both quantitative and qualitative findings, illustrating improved precision in cardiac, oncology, pediatric, and gynecological procedures, yet conflicting evidence on cost-benefit trade-offs and learning curve efficiency. Comparative analysis suggests that while robotic surgery lowers complication rates, surgeon fatigue and system failure remain critical risks. Findings underscore the necessity for standardized training programs, improved haptic feedback systems, and more cost-effective robotic platforms to enhance global accessibility. The study also reveals that AI-driven robotic surgery may outperform traditional techniques in complex procedures, though full autonomy is still in its infancy. Despite its potential, ethical dilemmas, cybersecurity threats, and the digital divide in developing nations pose significant barriers. Future research should explore real-world patient data analytics, hybrid human-robot collaboration models, and policy frameworks to optimize safety and efficiency. Limitations of the study include the lack of longitudinal clinical trials and restricted access to proprietary robotic surgery datasets. Future research should focus on overcoming cost barriers, refining AI-based surgical automation, and evaluating long-term patient satisfaction in robotic-assisted procedures. In conclusion, robotic surgery continues to push the boundaries of medical innovation, but addressing its technological, ethical, and economic hurdles will be essential to achieving global integration and sustainable surgical advancements.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Machine learning; Robotic training; Surgical simulation; Telesurgery

Introduction

Robotic surgery has revolutionized the medical field by enhancing precision, reducing invasiveness, and improving patient outcomes. Over the past two decades, advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and robotic-assisted technologies have significantly influenced the development of robotic surgery. Modern robotic systems enable surgeons to perform complex procedures with enhanced dexterity, visualization, and control [1]. Various medical specialties, including gynecology, oncology, and general surgery, have widely adopted robotic techniques to improve efficiency and patient recovery time [2].

Robotic surgical systems, such as the Da Vinci platform, have led to numerous improvements in minimally invasive procedures. AI and automation have played a significant role in making robotic surgery more intuitive and precise [3]. However, despite these advancements, challenges remain, such as cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and ethical concerns surrounding AI-based decision-making in surgery [4]. The paper explores the current trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery, providing insights into its future trajectory.

Issues and Gaps in Robotic Surgery

While robotic surgery continues to grow, several issues and gaps need to be addressed for its broader adoption and long-term sustainability.

Cost and Accessibility

One of the significant barriers to widespread adoption of robotic surgery is its high cost. The acquisition and maintenance of robotic surgical systems require substantial investment, limiting their availability in lower-income regions and hospitals with budget constraints [5]. Additionally, training and credentialing requirements increase the overall financial burden on healthcare institutions [6].

Training and Learning Curve

Robotic surgery demands specialized training, which often involves simulators and proctoring programs. While simulation-based training has improved surgeon competency, there remains a steep learning curve that affects the efficiency of robotic procedures [7]. The effectiveness of proctoring methods and sustainability of robotic training programs continue to be debated [8].

AI and Automation Limitations

Although AI-assisted robotic surgery has improved decision-making and precision, it raises concerns about ethical considerations and potential biases in AI algorithms. There is a need for better integration of AI-driven decision support without compromising surgeon autonomy [9]. Moreover, real-time AI assistance must be refined to ensure patient safety in critical surgical scenarios [10].

Lack of Standardization and Regulations

The absence of standardized protocols and regulations for robotic-assisted procedures poses challenges in ensuring uniformity in surgical outcomes. Different regions and hospitals follow varying guidelines, affecting the reproducibility and quality of robotic surgical interventions [11].

Scope and Objectives

Scope of Study

Robotic surgery is transforming modern medical practices, with applications spanning general, minimally invasive, and highly specialized surgical procedures. From oncology and cardiology to pediatrics and gynecology, robotic-assisted techniques have revolutionized patient outcomes by enabling greater precision, reduced recovery times, and improved procedural efficiency [12,13]. The increasing convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning with robotic platforms enhances decision-making capabilities, allowing surgeons to optimize techniques in real-time. Furthermore, advancements in 3D imaging, haptic feedback, and real-time data analysis are improving the precision and adaptability of robotic systems across various medical disciplines [9,14].

Another critical aspect of robotic surgery research is the enhancement of surgical training and skill development. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) simulations are increasingly utilized to provide realistic, risk-free training environments for medical professionals [7,15]. Research efforts are also focused on cost reduction and accessibility, aiming to make robotic systems more affordable and widely available to healthcare institutions worldwide [4]. Additionally, studies are addressing the ethical and legal implications of robotic surgery, including liability concerns, informed consent, and data privacy, ensuring that advancements align with patient safety and regulatory frameworks [6,11].

Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of the research is to analyze the latest trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery, focusing on its evolving role across multiple medical specialties. The paper seeks to examine how AI-driven automation, telesurgery, and advanced simulation-based training are shaping the future of surgical robotics [3,16]. A key emphasis is placed on exploring the benefits and limitations of these technologies, particularly in terms of enhancing surgical precision, reducing operation times, and improving patient recovery rates.

Additionally, the study aims to identify the primary barriers hindering the widespread adoption of robotic surgery, including financial constraints, ethical considerations, and training requirements [1,17]. By evaluating the effectiveness of current training programs and credentialing systems, the research intends to propose strategic improvements for expanding access to robotic surgery education [18,19]. Lastly, the study will outline potential future directions for robotic surgery, emphasizing the need for continuous technological advancements and policy adaptations to ensure the safe, efficient, and equitable use of surgical robotics on a global scale [20,21].

Novelty and Contributions

The study makes several novel contributions to the field of robotic surgery by offering a multidisciplinary perspective on its trends, challenges, and innovations.

Comprehensive Review of Emerging AI and Machine Learning Integration

While several studies have explored AI's role in robotic surgery, the study uniquely synthesizes findings from various disciplines, providing a holistic view of how AI is transforming surgical decision-making and precision [3,9]. By identifying key trends in AI-assisted robotic procedures, the paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the future of intelligent robotic surgery.

Insights into Training Methodologies and Their Effectiveness

Unlike previous studies that focus solely on surgical outcomes, the research evaluates the effectiveness of different training methodologies, including VR simulations, proctoring programs, and hands-on robotic training [8,15]. By doing so, it highlights the importance of refining training approaches to ensure surgeon proficiency in robotic-assisted techniques.

Examination of Financial and Ethical Barriers

While the advantages of robotic surgery are widely discussed, the financial and ethical challenges remain understudied. The study critically examines cost-related barriers and ethical dilemmas associated with AI-driven decision-making, providing a balanced perspective on the feasibility and sustainability of robotic surgery [4,5].

Evaluation of Robotic Surgery in Specialized Fields

The study offers a unique contribution by exploring robotic surgery across various specialties, including pediatric oncology [22], gynecological cancer treatment [2], and liver surgery [18]. By comparing advancements and limitations across disciplines, the paper broadens the understanding of robotic surgery’s multidisciplinary impact.

Prospects of Telesurgery and Remote-Assisted Procedures

With telesurgery gaining momentum, the study provides novel insights into the potential of remote surgical interventions and their ethical and technical challenges [11]. The implications of telesurgery on global healthcare accessibility and patient safety are explored in depth.

Methods

Eligibility Criteria

The eligibility criteria for the review were carefully defined to ensure the inclusion of high-quality and relevant studies. Articles were selected based on the following parameters:

Timeframe and Recency: Only articles published in 2025 were considered to ensure the latest advancements and trends were captured [10,14].

Types of Studies: The review included original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and book chapters related to robotic surgery [17,23].

Relevant Topics: Studies focused on technological advancements, applications, training, challenges, and the future of robotic surgery were included [4,16].

Exclusion Criteria

Studies that did not specifically address robotic surgery were outside the medical field, or lacked methodological rigor were excluded. Research with outdated technology discussions or insufficient empirical evidence was also disregarded [24].

These criteria ensured that the selected studies contributed meaningful insights into robotic surgery’s evolving landscape.

Review Selection

A systematic selection process was employed to ensure a comprehensive and unbiased review. The steps included:

Initial Screening: The database search yielded a total of 29 articles that met the eligibility criteria. These studies were screened based on their titles and abstracts [1,25].

Full-Text Review: After the initial screening, full-text versions of the selected articles were retrieved and evaluated for relevance. Studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria upon deeper analysis were excluded [12,26].

Thematic Categorization: The selected studies were grouped into key thematic areas: advancements in robotic surgery, applications in various specialties, training and education, Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration, and challenges [5,15].

Consensus-Based Selection: The final articles were reviewed by multiple experts to ensure relevance, accuracy, and scientific contribution [8,9].

The systematic approach enhanced the credibility of the findings and ensured that only high-quality studies were included.

Data Extraction

Data extraction was conducted using a structured framework to ensure consistency and reliability. The key components extracted from each study included:

Study Characteristics

Author(s) and Year: The publication details were documented [6,27].

Study Design: Whether the study was a systematic review, meta-analysis, experimental study, or expert commentary [11,13].

Sample Size and Population: Studies that focused on specific patient groups (e.g., pediatric, oncology, or gynecology) were classified accordingly [2,22].

Key Findings and Contributions

Technological Trends: Data on recent advancements in AI-assisted surgery, robotic automation, and machine learning [3,9].

Clinical Applications: Studies detailing the use of robotic surgery in different medical specialties [20,21].

Training and Education: Research on robotic surgery training programs, virtual reality simulations, and certification processes [7,25].

Challenges and Limitations: Issues such as cost, accessibility, learning curves, and ethical concerns [4,18].

Relevance to Research Objectives

Each study was assessed based on its alignment with the review’s objective of analyzing trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery [23,28].

The extracted data were organized in a structured table, ensuring ease of comparison and analysis.

Data Synthesis

A thematic synthesis approach was employed to integrate findings from the selected studies. The data were synthesized in the following manner:

Trends in Robotic Surgery

Recent advancements highlight the increasing integration of AI and machine learning in robotic-assisted surgery. AI-based decision-making systems enhance precision and improve patient outcomes [3,9]. The transition from manual laparoscopy to robotic procedures has led to better visualization, reduced surgical trauma, and faster recovery times [12].

Furthermore, 5G-enabled telesurgery is emerging as a revolutionary approach, enabling real-time remote operations with minimal latency [11]. The continuous evolution of robotic platforms, such as the da Vinci Surgical System and new-generation robotic assistants, has enhanced procedural accuracy across multiple disciplines [1].

Innovations in Robotic Surgery

Key innovations include the development of haptic feedback systems, which enhance the surgeon’s tactile perception, allowing for better maneuverability in complex procedures [14]. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are also playing a pivotal role in surgical training, offering immersive simulation environments for practice before live procedures [15].

Another noteworthy innovation is the use of autonomous robotic systems, where AI-driven robots perform suturing and tissue manipulation with minimal human intervention [10]. These technologies significantly reduce surgical errors and improve overall efficiency.

Challenges in Robotic Surgery

Despite its numerous advantages, robotic surgery faces several challenges:

High Costs and Accessibility: Robotic-assisted surgeries require substantial financial investment, making them less accessible in low-resource settings [5].

Learning Curve and Training: Many surgeons require extensive training to develop proficiency in robotic procedures, often leading to longer operating times initially [8,25].

Ethical and Legal Considerations: Questions regarding liability in AI-assisted surgeries and remote procedures continue to be debated [4,11].

Surgeon Fatigue and Ergonomics: Prolonged robotic procedures can cause surgeon discomfort, requiring ergonomic redesigns [28].

Table 1 presents trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery: a gap analysis. Robotic surgery is evolving with AI-driven automation, VR-based training, and telesurgery advancements. Challenges include high costs, regulatory barriers, and ethical concerns. Key gaps exist in AI validation, comparative surgical studies, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Addressing these gaps through research and innovation can enhance the adoption and efficiency of robotic surgery globally.

Table 1: Trends, Innovations, and Challenges in Robotic Surgery: A Gap Analysis.

Results and Findings

Robotic surgery has revolutionized modern surgical procedures, offering increased precision, minimally invasive techniques, and enhanced patient outcomes. The study explores the latest trends, innovations, and challenges in robotic surgery, incorporating key themes such as technological advancements, clinical applications, AI integration, surgical training, ethical considerations, and future directions.

Emerging Trends in Robotic Surgery

Increasing Adoption Across Specialties

Robotic-assisted surgery is expanding beyond traditional applications in urology and gynecology to include cardiac, colorectal, liver, and pediatric procedures [13,26]. In oncology, robotic-assisted resections have shown improved patient outcomes in esophageal, pancreatic, and gynecological cancers [2,22]. Additionally, full robotic liver transplantation has emerged as a breakthrough in hepatobiliary surgery [20].

The Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

AI-driven robotic systems are reshaping surgery with real-time decision-making, automated image recognition, and predictive analytics [3,9]. AI applications include Visual Question Answering (VQA) for surgical guidance, allowing systems to interpret intraoperative images and providing suggestions [10].

Machine learning models are also optimizing preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation, leading to reduced complications and enhanced precision [4].

The Rise of Remote and Telesurgery

With advancements in 5G technology and IoT, telesurgery is gaining traction, allowing remote-controlled robotic procedures across geographical boundaries [11]. The Da Vinci Surgical System and newer robotic platforms have demonstrated successful transcontinental surgeries, but challenges such as latency and cybersecurity concerns remain barriers to widespread adoption.

Innovations Transforming Robotic Surgery

Robotic Microsurgery and 3D Imaging

Recent advancements in robotic microsurgery enable highly delicate procedures, particularly in reconstructive and craniofacial surgeries [19]. The integration of 3D visualization and augmented reality enhances depth perception and precision [28]. However, concerns about eye strain and long-term effects on surgeons have been raised, necessitating ergonomic innovations in robotic surgical platforms.

Simulators and Virtual Reality in Surgical Training

To address the learning curve associated with robotic surgery, Virtual Reality (VR) and simulation-based training programs have been widely adopted [7]. Studies show that VR-based training improves surgical proficiency and reduces intraoperative errors [15]. Moreover, AI-powered simulators enable personalized learning experiences, adjusting difficulty levels based on the trainee's performance [27].

Enhancing Precision with Ultrasound and AI Integration

Ultrasound-guided robotic procedures have gained prominence, particularly in minimally invasive surgeries where enhanced visualization is crucial [14]. AI-driven ultrasound interpretation is expected to further refine real-time intraoperative decision-making, reducing dependency on human expertise.

Challenges in Robotic Surgery

Cost and Accessibility Constraints

Despite its advantages, the high cost of robotic surgical systems remains a significant barrier, limiting accessibility in low-resource settings [17]. Robotic platforms such as Da Vinci and Versius require substantial investment, not only in initial acquisition but also in maintenance, training, and disposable instruments [5]. Comparative studies suggest that while robotic surgery reduces hospital stays and post-operative complications, the overall cost-effectiveness is still debated [16].

Ethical and Legal Considerations in AI-Driven Surgery

The rise of AI-assisted decision-making in robotic surgery raises concerns regarding accountability, patient consent, and medical liability [6]. If a complication arises due to AI-generated surgical recommendations, determining responsibility between the surgeon, hospital, and AI developer is complex. Regulatory bodies are actively discussing ethical frameworks to ensure AI-driven robotic surgeries are transparent and patient-centric.

The Role of Human Surgeons in an AI-Driven Future

As automation progresses, there is growing debate over the degree of human intervention needed in robotic surgery. While AI can optimize precision, fully autonomous robotic procedures are not yet feasible due to ethical and safety concerns [1].

Studies show that surgeons still play a crucial role in decision-making, troubleshooting, and patient-specific adjustments, highlighting the need for AI-human collaboration rather than full automation [9].

Standardization of Training and Certification

A major hurdle in robotic surgery is the standardization of training programs and certification processes across countries [18]. Proficiency in robotic surgery requires specialized skills, and inconsistent credentialing standards raise concerns about patient safety and competency validation [8]. Proctoring and mentorship programs have been proposed as solutions, but their effectiveness varies across institutions.

Comparative Analysis of Robotic Surgery Outcomes

Robotic Surgery vs. Traditional Laparoscopic Surgery

Meta-analyses indicate that robotic surgery offers superior precision, reduced blood loss, and shorter recovery times compared to laparoscopic procedures [12]. However, in terms of surgical duration, robotic procedures tend to be longer, primarily due to set-up time and learning curves. Some studies suggest that the benefits of robotic surgery become more apparent in complex cases, whereas simpler procedures may not justify the additional costs [21].

Patient Outcomes and Postoperative Recovery

Several studies highlight the advantages of robotic-assisted surgery in reducing complications and improving patient satisfaction [29]. In colorectal surgery, robotic approaches have lowered infection rates and improved sphincter preservation, leading to better post-operative quality of life [13].

However, some conflicting findings suggest that for certain procedures, outcomes between robotic and traditional surgeries remain comparable, warranting further long-term studies [23].

Future Directions and Research Gaps

Expanding Applications of Robotic Surgery

Future research is expected to explore AI-powered autonomous suturing, augmented reality-assisted navigation, and nanorobotics for microsurgical procedures [19]. Additionally, robotic-assisted whole organ transplantation is emerging as a potential game-changer in surgery [20].

Bridging the Cost Gap

To enhance accessibility, researchers are investigating low-cost robotic alternatives and open-source robotic surgical platforms [4]. Industry collaboration and government funding may help subsidize robotic surgery programs in developing nations, fostering global adoption.

Enhancing Ethical Frameworks and Regulatory Policies

As robotic surgery becomes more AI-dependent, refining ethical guidelines and regulatory policies will be crucial. Further studies must explore patient perceptions, legal accountability, and AI transparency to build public trust in robotic surgical advancements [6].

Discussion and Conclusion

The Growing Role of Robotic Surgery in Modern Healthcare

Robotic surgery has witnessed rapid adoption across various medical fields, driven by its ability to enhance precision, reduce complications, and improve patient outcomes [17]. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in surgical robots has further revolutionized the field, making procedures more accurate and efficient [3]. Studies highlight that robotic-assisted procedures in gynecology, urology, oncology, and cardiovascular surgery have led to lower complication rates and faster recovery times compared to traditional surgery [2,12].

Technological Innovations in Robotic Surgery

The evolution of robotic systems, such as AI-driven surgical robots, haptic feedback mechanisms, and telesurgery, has expanded the possibilities of minimally invasive procedures [4]. Ultrasound-guided robotic procedures are becoming increasingly sophisticated, allowing for real-time imaging and enhanced decision-making during surgeries [14]. Additionally, 3D visualization and augmented reality (AR) have been integrated into robotic surgical systems, improving spatial awareness for surgeons [28]. Virtual Reality (VR)-based simulations are also being used to train surgeons more effectively [15].

Expanding Applications Across Specialties

Robotic surgery has found applications in multiple fields, including oncology, pediatrics, plastic surgery, and transplantation. In pediatric oncology, robotic systems enable highly delicate procedures with reduced trauma [22]. In liver transplantation, robotic surgery has demonstrated promising results in reducing post-operative complications [20]. Moreover, robotic microsurgery is emerging as a critical tool for precision-driven procedures in reconstructive and craniofacial surgery [19].

Challenges and Limitations

Despite its advantages, robotic surgery faces several challenges. High costs remain a significant barrier to widespread adoption, limiting access in resource-constrained settings [5]. Additionally, there is a steep learning curve associated with robotic systems, requiring specialized training and certification [6]. Another major challenge is the sustainability of proctoring in robotic surgery, as ensuring continuous skill development among surgeons is essential [8]. Ethical and legal concerns also arise with AI-driven decision-making in surgical procedures [11].

Recommendations

Expanding Access to Robotic Surgery

To improve accessibility, hospitals and policymakers should explore cost-reduction strategies, such as subsidized procurement programs and leasing options for robotic systems [21]. Collaboration with medical technology companies could also lead to more affordable robotic solutions for developing countries.

Enhancing Surgical Training and Education

The adoption of VR-based training and AI-assisted simulators should be prioritized to reduce the learning curve for surgeons [7]. Integrating robotic surgery modules into medical school curricula will also help future surgeons become proficient in robotic-assisted procedures at an early stage [25].

Strengthening Regulations and Ethical Guidelines

A standardized global framework for robotic surgery credentialing should be established to ensure consistent quality and patient safety [6]. Additionally, ethical considerations surrounding AI decision-making in robotic surgery should be addressed through clear regulatory guidelines [11].

Investing in AI and Data-Driven Improvements

AI and data analytics should be leveraged to enhance robotic surgical outcomes. Machine learning models can be used to predict complications and assist in surgical planning [9]. Visual question-answering AI can further improve decision-making in real-time surgical environments [10].

Implications of the Review

Clinical Implications

The findings of the review highlight the need for continuous innovation in robotic surgery to improve patient outcomes. Surgeons and healthcare institutions must stay updated with technological advancements to optimize surgical performance [1].

Policy and Economic Implications

The cost of robotic surgery remains a major concern, necessitating new financial models for hospitals and healthcare providers [5]. Governments should consider funding initiatives to expand access to robotic surgery, especially in public healthcare systems [13].

Research and Development Implications

Ongoing research should focus on refining robotic systems, integrating AI, and enhancing surgical precision through improved robotic platforms [4]. Future studies should also explore the long-term outcomes of robotic surgeries across different medical fields [20].

Limitations of the Study

While the review provides a comprehensive analysis of trends and challenges in robotic surgery, certain limitations should be acknowledged

Limited Data on Long-Term Outcomes

Most studies focus on short-term benefits, and there is limited research on the long-term effectiveness of robotic-assisted procedures [16].

High Cost of Technology

The high cost of robotic systems restricts their widespread adoption, making it difficult to generalize findings to lower-income regions [21].

Lack of Standardized Training Programs

Variations in training and certification processes across different countries pose a challenge in ensuring consistent quality in robotic-assisted surgery [6].

Future Research Directions

Exploring AI-Driven Autonomous Surgical Robots: Further research is needed to assess the feasibility and safety of fully autonomous robotic surgery. AI-based systems must undergo rigorous testing before they can operate independently [9].

Evaluating Cost-Effective Models for Robotic Surgery: Future studies should investigate ways to reduce the cost of robotic surgical systems, making them more accessible to a broader population [5].

Comparing Long-Term Outcomes of Robotic vs. Traditional Surgery: More longitudinal studies are required to assess the durability and effectiveness of robotic surgery compared to conventional surgical techniques [29].

Investigating Patient Perceptions of Robotic Surgery: Understanding patient trust and acceptance of robotic procedures will help in improving patient education and informed decision-making [23].

Conclusion

Robotic surgery is transforming modern healthcare, offering unprecedented precision, improved patient outcomes, and expanding the possibilities of minimally invasive procedures. Technological innovations such as AI, 3D visualization, and telesurgery continue to shape the future of robotic-assisted procedures. However, challenges such as high costs, training requirements, and ethical concerns need to be addressed to ensure widespread adoption.

The review underscores the importance of continued research, investment, and policy support in advancing robotic surgery. By overcoming existing barriers, robotic-assisted surgery can become more accessible, safe, and effective, ultimately revolutionizing surgical care worldwide. Future research should focus on cost-effective solutions, AI integration, and long-term outcome studies to fully harness the potential of robotic surgery in clinical practice.

Global Journal of Surgery and Surgical Research